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                <h2 id="背景">背景<a class="anchor" href="#背景">¶</a></h2>
<p>pytest是动态编程语言Python专用的测试框架，它具有易于上手、功能强大、第三方插件丰富、效率高、可扩展性好、兼容性强等特点。</p>
<p>本博客不介绍相对基础及其所见即所得的内容，只记录学习过程中自认为相对重要的点或步骤，依据《pytest测试实战》整理，推荐阅读原书。</p>
<h2 id="测试概念定义">测试概念定义<a class="anchor" href="#测试概念定义">¶</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>单元测试：检查一小段代码（如一个函数、或一个类）的测试。</li>
<li>集成测试：检查大段代码（如多个类，或一个子系统）的测试。集成测试的规模介于单元测试与系统测试之间。</li>
<li>系统测试：检查整个系统的测试，通常要求测试环境竟可能接近最终用户的使用环境。</li>
<li>功能测试：检查单个系统功能的测试。</li>
<li>皮下测试：不针对最终用户界面，而是针对用户界面以下的接口的测试。</li>
<li>冒烟测试：可以了解当前系统中是否存在大的缺陷。通常冒烟测试不会包含全套测试，只选择可以快速出结果的测试子集 。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="基础">基础<a class="anchor" href="#基础">¶</a></h2>
<h3 id="安装">安装<a class="anchor" href="#安装">¶</a></h3>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">pip3 <span class="token function">install</span> pytest<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="命令行参数">命令行参数<a class="anchor" href="#命令行参数">¶</a></h3>
<p>可以在pytest命令后加上<code>-v</code>和<code>--verbose</code>查看更加详细的测试信息。</p>
<p><code>--collect-only</code>选项展示哪些测试用例会被运行。</p>
<p><code>-k</code>选项允许使用表达式来指定运行的测试用例，如<code>pytest -k "fun1 or fun2"</code></p>
<p><code>-m</code>选项用来标记测试并分组。使用什么标记名自行决定，假设想要使用run_these_please，则可以使用@pytest.mark.run_these_please这样的装饰器来标记。同时这个标记类似<code>k</code>选项支持表达式，如<code>-m "mark1 and not mark2"</code>。</p>
<p><code>-x</code>选项在遇错误后全局停止后续测试。</p>
<p><code>--maxfail=num</code>选项表示明确指定可以失败几次。</p>
<p><code>–-tb=no</code>选项表示关系错误堆栈回溯。</p>
<p><code>-s</code>表示允许终端在测试运行时输出某些结果。-s  shortcut for --capture=no.</p>
<p><code>--capture=method</code> per-test capturing method: one of fd|sys|no|tee-sys.</p>
<p><code>--capture=fd</code>表示若文件描述符为1或2<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>，则会被输出至临时文件中。</p>
<p><code>–capture==sys</code>表示<code>sys.stdout/stderr</code>输出至内存。</p>
<p><code>-l</code>或<code>--showlocals</code>表示在测试失败时打印局部变量名和其值。</p>
<p><code>--lf, --last-failed </code>执行上次失败的case。</p>
<p><code>--ff, --failed-first</code>表示先执行最后一次失败的case再执行其他case。</p>
<p><code>-v, --verbose  </code>表示详细输出信息，每个文件中的每个测试用例都占一行（默认每个文件占一行）。</p>
<p><code>-q, --quiet </code>表示简化输出信息，与上一个命令相反。</p>
<p><code>--tb=style</code>   traceback print mode (auto/long/short/line/native/no).</p>
<ul>
<li><code>short</code>表示进输出assert这一行以及系统判定内容（不显示上下文）</li>
<li><code>line</code>模式只使用一行输出所有的错误信息</li>
<li><code>no</code>则直接屏蔽全部回溯信息</li>
<li><code>long</code>输出最为详尽的回溯信息</li>
<li><code>auto</code>默认值，如果多个测试用例失败，仅打印最后一个和第一个测试用例的回溯信息，long格式展示</li>
<li><code>native</code>只输出Python标准库的回溯信息</li>
</ul>
<p><code>--durations=N</code>  show N slowest setup/test durations (N=0 for all).</p>
<p><code>-rs</code>显示跳过原因，需要之前设置了跳过原因</p>
<p>-r chars              show extra test summary info as specified by chars:
(p/P), or (A)ll. (w)arnings are enabled by default (see</p>
<p>–lf, --last-failed   rerun only the tests that failed at the last run (or all，仅运行上次未通过的测试用例。</p>
<p>–ff, --failed-first  run all tests, but run the last failures first.之前运行未通过的测试用例会首先执行，然后才是其他用例。</p>
<p><code>-s</code>参数可以在测试仍在执行期间就把输出直接发送到stdout。</p>
<h3 id="命名规则">命名规则<a class="anchor" href="#命名规则">¶</a></h3>
<p>只要遵循pytest的命名规则就可以自动搜索所有待执行的测试用例。主要的命名规则如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>测试文件应当命名为<code>test_&lt;something&gt;.py</code>或者<code>&lt;something&gt;_test.py</code></li>
<li>测试函数、测试类方法应当命名为<code>test_&lt;something&gt;</code></li>
<li>测试类应当命名为<code>Test&lt;Something&gt;</code></li>
</ul>
<p>测试输出的<code>inifile</code>表示配置文件。</p>
<h3 id="结果表示">结果表示<a class="anchor" href="#结果表示">¶</a></h3>
<p>执行结果的表示：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>.</code>表示PASSED通过</li>
<li><code>F</code>表示Failure（失败），也有可能是XPASS状态与strict选项冲突造成的失败</li>
<li><code>E</code>表示error（测试用例之外的代码触发的异常），可能是fixture引起，也可能是因为hook函数</li>
<li><code>s</code>表示skip（跳过），<code>@pytest.mark.skip()</code>或<code>@pytest。Mark。skipf()</code>指定跳过测试的条件</li>
<li><code>x</code>表示xfail（预期失败，并且确实失败），使用<code>@pytest.mark.xfail()</code>指定你认为会失败的用例</li>
<li><code>X</code>表示xpass（预期失败但通过，不符合预期）</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="编写测试函数">编写测试函数<a class="anchor" href="#编写测试函数">¶</a></h2>
<p>推荐将test目录放在src文件夹下，其中存放所有与pytest相关的代码。</p>
<p><code>assert</code>语法会判断后面的表达式，将其值转变为布尔值。</p>
<p><code>with pytest.raises(TypeError):</code>表示无论with中的内容是什么都发生了预期中的<code>TypeError</code>异常。</p>
<p><code>with pytest.raises(ValueError) as a:</code>表示with中执行后返回TypeError异常后，这里捕获并将参数传递给a变量。通过a变量判断。</p>
<p>marker机制是支持一对多或多对一。</p>
<p>marker的装饰器是<code>@pytest.mark.&lt;marker名称&gt;</code></p>
<p>pytest内置了一些标记：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>skip</code>和<code>skipif</code>允许跳过不希望运行的测试。
<ul>
<li><code>@pytest.mark.skip(reason='...')</code></li>
<li><code>@pytest.mark.skipif(task.__version__&lt;'0.2.0',reason='..')</code>当task版本小于0.2.0时跳过测试，这里支持任意表达式</li>
<li>上述两种跳过方式都支持reason传递</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>sfail</code>表示运行此测试，预期其失败</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="批量测试">批量测试<a class="anchor" href="#批量测试">¶</a></h3>
<p>使用<code>@pytest.mark.parametrize(argnames,argvalues)</code></p>
<p>可以使用完整的测试标识来重新指定需要的测试，形如<code>pytest -v "test_add_variety.py::test_add_3[eat eggs-BrIaN-False]"</code></p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/weiyouwozuiku/weiyouwozuiku.github.io@src/source/_posts/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95/pytest%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%8C%96kv.png" alt="参数化kv.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/weiyouwozuiku/weiyouwozuiku.github.io@src/source/_posts/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95/pytest%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C.png" alt="参数化运行.png"></p>
<p>在给<code>@pytest.mark.parametrize()</code>装饰器传入列表参数时，还可以在参数旁定义一个id来作为标识，语法<code>pytest.param(&lt;value&gt;,id="something")</code></p>
<h3 id="测试方法">测试方法<a class="anchor" href="#测试方法">¶</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>单个测试用例：可以使用<code>pytest ****.py::test_name</code>执行</li>
<li>单个目录：以目录作为pytest参数</li>
<li>单个文件/模块：pytest后跟路径+文件名</li>
<li>单个测试类：可以将测试一个接口的测试用例放在一个类中，运行时在文件名后加上::以及类名</li>
<li>单个测试类中的方法：文件名后加上::以及类名加上::加上方法名</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="pytest-Fixture">pytest Fixture<a class="anchor" href="#pytest-Fixture">¶</a></h2>
<p><code>pytest</code>是在测试函数运行前后，由pytest执行的外壳函数。</p>
<p><code>@pytest.fixture()</code>装饰器用于声明函数是一个<code>fixture</code>。如果测试函数的参数列表包含<code>fixture</code>名，那么pytest会检测到，并在测试函数执行之前执行该<code>fixture</code>。</p>
<p>pytest优先搜索该测试所在模块，然后搜索<code>conftest.py</code>。</p>
<p>在外层目录编写<code>conftest.py</code>可以让内层测试用例使用。</p>
<p><code>conftest.py</code>不能被import引入，对于pytest来说只是一个插件库。</p>
<p>可以借助<code>yield</code>的用法特性，在执行完<code>fixture</code>中前置逻辑后到达yield，等测试函数执行完毕，执行fixture的后续逻辑。</p>
<p>使用<code>--setup-show</code>回溯fixture的执行过程。 回溯信息中的F和S标识fixture的作用域分别是函数级别以及会话级别。</p>
<p>fixture中<code>scope</code>为可选参数，其有四个待选值，默认为function，：</p>
<ul>
<li>function：每个测试函数运行一遍</li>
<li>class：每个测试类运行一遍，测试类中的所有类方法共享这个fixture</li>
<li>module：模块级别的fixture运行一遍，无论模块中有多少测试函数、类方法或其他fixture都共享这个fixture</li>
<li>session：每个会话运行一次</li>
</ul>
<p>scope参数是在定义fixture定义的，而不是在调用fixture时定义的。因此使用fixture的测试函数是无法改变fixture的作用范围的。</p>
<p><strong>fixture只能使用同级别或比自己级别更好的fixture</strong>。</p>
<p>单个函数使用fixture是在传参中用fixture定义的名字，可以使用fixture的返回值。</p>
<p>类使用fixture需要用装饰器实现<code>@pytest.mark.usefixtures(&lt;fixture名字&gt;)</code>。</p>
<p><code>tmpdir_factory</code>的作用范围是会话级别，<code>tmpdir</code>的作用范围是函数级别。</p>
<p>使用<code>autouse=true</code>选项，使得作用域内的测试函数都运行该fixture。</p>
<p><code>@pytest.fixture(name="&lt;new name&gt;")</code>对fixture名称进行重命名。</p>
<p><code>pytest --fixture &lt;测试函数名称&gt;</code>可以列举所有可供测试的fixture。</p>
<p>在fixture函数的下面第一行用<code>"""</code>包裹下写fixture的功能描述。</p>
<p>fixture参数化可以在原本的fixture代码上使用<code>@pytest.fixture(params=&lt;队列名&gt;)</code>，并在下面的参数中设置传参<code>request</code>，通过<code>request.param</code>返回其中一个对象。这个fixture将会被调用<code>len(&lt;队列名&gt;)</code>的次数。同样支持用字符串列表指定id，<code>ids=</code>，这里也可以指定为一个函数，·供pytest生成task标识。</p>
<h2 id="内置Fixtrue">内置Fixtrue<a class="anchor" href="#内置Fixtrue">¶</a></h2>
<h3 id="tmpdir和tmpdir-factory">tmpdir和tmpdir_factory<a class="anchor" href="#tmpdir和tmpdir-factory">¶</a></h3>
<p>内置的tmpdir和tmpdir_factory负责在测试开始运行前创建临时目录，并在测试结束后删除。</p>
<p>tmpdir的返回值是<code>py.path.local</code>类型的一个对象。<strong>tmpdir的作用范围是函数级别，只能针对测试函数使用tmpdir创建文件或目录。如果需要fixture作用范围高于函数级别（如类、模块、会话级别），则应使用tmpdir_factory</strong>。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">test_tmpdir</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tmpdir<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token comment"># 在临时路径下创建somthing.txt</span>
    a_file <span class="token operator">=</span> tmpdir<span class="token punctuation">.</span>join<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'something.txt'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token comment"># 在临时路径下创建anything文件夹</span>
    a_sub_dir <span class="token operator">=</span> tmpdir<span class="token punctuation">.</span>mkdir<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'anything'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token comment"># 在angthing文件夹下创建文件</span>
    another_file <span class="token operator">=</span> a_sub_dir<span class="token punctuation">.</span>join<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'something_else.txt'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token comment"># 向文件中写文件</span>
    a_file<span class="token punctuation">.</span>write<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'contents may settle during shipping'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token comment"># 从文件中读文件</span>
    a_file<span class="token punctuation">.</span>read<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">test_tmpdir_factory</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tmpdir_factory<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token comment"># 创建以mydir为前缀的文件夹</span>
    a_dir <span class="token operator">=</span> tmpdir_factory<span class="token punctuation">.</span>mktemp<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'mydir'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token comment"># 返回临时路径的根目录</span>
    base_temp <span class="token operator">=</span> tmpdir_factory<span class="token punctuation">.</span>getbasetemp<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>可以使用<code>pytest --basetemp=mydir</code>指定所在的根目录。</p>
<h3 id="pytestconfig">pytestconfig<a class="anchor" href="#pytestconfig">¶</a></h3>
<p>内置的pytestconfig可以通过命令行参数、选项、配置文件、插件、运行目录等方式来控制pytest。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">pytest_addoption</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>parser<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    parser<span class="token punctuation">.</span>addoption<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"--myopt"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> action<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"store_true"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                     <span class="token builtin">help</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"some boolean option"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    parser<span class="token punctuation">.</span>addoption<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"--foo"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> action<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"store"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> default<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"bar"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                     <span class="token builtin">help</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"foo: bar or baz"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">❯ pytest <span class="token parameter variable">-s</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-q</span> <span class="token parameter variable">--foo</span> hhh <span class="token parameter variable">--myopt</span>  test_config.py::test_option
<span class="token string">"foo"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">set</span> to: hhh
<span class="token string">"myopt"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">set</span> to: True<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>pytestconfig是一个fixture，它可以被其他fixture使用，形如：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token decorator annotation punctuation">@pytest<span class="token punctuation">.</span>fixture</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">foo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>option<span class="token punctuation">.</span>foo


<span class="token decorator annotation punctuation">@pytest<span class="token punctuation">.</span>fixture</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">myopt</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>option<span class="token punctuation">.</span>myopt


<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">test_fixtures_for_options</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>foo<span class="token punctuation">,</span> myopt<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'"foo" set to:'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> foo<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'"myopt" set to:'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> myopt<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>一些pytestcinfig的使用方式：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">test_pytestconfig</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'args            :'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>args<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'inifile         :'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>inifile<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'invocation_dir  :'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>invocation_dir<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'rootdir         :'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rootdir<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'-k EXPRESSION   :'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>getoption<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'keyword'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'-v, --verbose   :'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>getoption<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'verbose'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'-q, --quiet     :'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>getoption<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'quiet'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'-l, --showlocals:'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>getoption<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'showlocals'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'--tb=style      :'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pytestconfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span>getoption<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'tbstyle'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="cache">cache<a class="anchor" href="#cache">¶</a></h3>
<p>cache的作用是存储一段测试会话的信息，在下一段测试会话中使用。</p>
<h3 id="capsys">capsys<a class="anchor" href="#capsys">¶</a></h3>
<p>capsys有两个功能：</p>
<ul>
<li>允许使用代码读取stdout和stderr</li>
<li>可以临时抓取日志输出</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">greeting</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Hi, {}'</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">format</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">test_greeting</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>capsys<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    greeting<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Earthling'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    out<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">=</span> capsys<span class="token punctuation">.</span>readouterr<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">assert</span> out <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">'Hi, Earthling\n'</span>
    <span class="token keyword">assert</span> err <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">''</span>

<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">yikes</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>problem<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'YIKES! {}'</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">format</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>problem<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">file</span><span class="token operator">=</span>sys<span class="token punctuation">.</span>stderr<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">test_yikes</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>capsys<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    yikes<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Out of coffee!'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    out<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">=</span> capsys<span class="token punctuation">.</span>readouterr<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">assert</span> out <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">''</span>
    <span class="token keyword">assert</span> <span class="token string">'Out of coffee!'</span> <span class="token keyword">in</span> err<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p><code>capsys.disabled()</code>检测是否关闭输出捕获。</p>
<h3 id="monkeypatch">monkeypatch<a class="anchor" href="#monkeypatch">¶</a></h3>
<p>monkeypatch可以在运行期间对类或模块进行动态修改，提供以下函数：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>setattr(target,name,value=&lt;notset&gt;,rasing=True)</code>：设置一个属性</li>
<li><code>delattr(target,name=&lt;notset&gt;,raising=True)</code>：删除一个属性</li>
<li><code>setitem(dic,name,value)</code>：设置字典中的一条记录</li>
<li><code>delitem(dic,name,raising=True)</code>：删除字典中的一条记录</li>
<li><code>setenv(name,value,prepend=None)</code>：设置一个环境变量</li>
<li><code>delenv(name,raising=True)</code>：删除一个环境变量</li>
<li><code>syspath_prepend(path)</code>：将路径path加入sys.path并放在最前，sys.path是Python导入的系统路径列表</li>
<li><code>chdir(path)</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="插件">插件<a class="anchor" href="#插件">¶</a></h2>
<h2 id="配置">配置<a class="anchor" href="#配置">¶</a></h2>
<h2 id="pytest与其他工具的搭配使用">pytest与其他工具的搭配使用<a class="anchor" href="#pytest与其他工具的搭配使用">¶</a></h2>
<h2 id="Tip">Tip<a class="anchor" href="#Tip">¶</a></h2>
<hr class="footnotes-sep">
<section class="footnotes">
<ol class="footnotes-list">
<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>在Linux系统中，一切设备都看作文件。而每打开一个文件，就有一个代表该打开文件的文件描述符。程序启动时默认打开三个I/O设备文件：标准输入文件stdin，标准输出文件stdout，标准错误输出文件stderr，分别得到文件描述符 0, 1, 2。 <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
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